The neural crest (NC) is a major contributor to the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton, detailed in model organisms through embryological and genetic approaches, most notably in chick and mouse.Despite many similarities between these rather distant species, there are also distinct differences in the contribution of the NC, particularly to the calvari

The use of aquatic invertebrates in biomedical research and as environmental sentinels has dramatically grown in recent decades, with an increased need in understanding of comparative pathology.The Unionids freshwater mussels are a group of worldwide distributed bivalves residing small ditches and ponds, lakes, canals and rivers, often used as anim

Background: To determine the nutritional status of elderly by body mass index (BMI) and to investigate associated factors.Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study done among 309 elderly, in the Besiktas district of Istanbul from January to December 2008.The interviews were performed face-to-face.Anthropometric measurements

Detonation initiation is a prerequisite to normal operations of an oblique detonation engine (ODE), and initiation-assistant measures are imperative in cases of initiation failure that occur in a length-limited combustor under wide-range flight conditions.This study numerically investigates the initiation characteristics of oblique detonation waves